Cartilage repair and regeneration is a treatment for joints that have damaged cartilage but are otherwise healthy. Typically, these procedures are recommended for cartilage damage or deterioration caused by:. Injury or trauma, including sports injuries or repetitive use of the joint Congenital abnormalities — abnormalities a person is born with for instance misalignment — that affect normal joint structure Hormonal or idiopathic disorders that affect bone and joint development, such as osteochondritis dissecans OCD.
There are several types of new and modern procedures for cartilage repair and regeneration techniques that are designed to heal the cartilage by filling the cartilage defect pothole with repair tissue. There are several types of bone and joint pain, each with many potential sources or etiologies.
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This Privacy Policy explains the types of personal information we collect and how we use, disclose and protect that information. This website focuses on articular cartilage repair treatment, which means the restoration of damaged hyaline cartilage in the joints. There are several types of procedures for cartilage repair and regeneration that are designed to heal the cartilage by filling the cartilage defect pothole with repair tissue.
The choice of procedure depends on the size and location of the defect. Larger defects are typically treated with autologous chondrocyte transplantation or osteochondral allograft transplantation, both of which require open incisions.
Smaller defects in specific locations can be treated with marrow-stimulating techniques , autologous chondrocyte implantation ACI , or osteochondral autograft transfer. The affected joint usually swells up following injury, and it may take weeks or even months before the swelling goes down. This swelling can recur. Drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen, known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDs , and other conservative treatments usually have only limited effect on the pain, and do not treat the underlying problem.
If there is a severe fluid build-up and a loose body in the joint, removal and treatment via arthroscopy may be necessary. Arthroscopy is also useful for assessing the cartilage lesion, as knowing the extent of the affected area is crucial for deciding the best treatment. The methods typically used for cartilage repair are, depending mostly on the size of the lesion: microfracture , mosaicplasty , cartilage cell implantation autologous chondrocyte implantation or large allograft implantation.
The decision over surgical management of cartilage defects depends on the size and location of the defect, and whether it is self-contained or spread out.
Hyaline cartilage appears slightly glassy under a microscope. This cartilage type has many thin collagen fibers that help to give it strength.
However, hyaline cartilage is considered the weakest of the three cartilage types. Cartilage can become damaged after an injury or through degeneration, which is wearing down over time.
Some of the common conditions related to cartilage degeneration include:. Factors such as injury, overuse, poor alignment, or muscle weakness can all lead to the condition.
Chondromalacia can cause bone to rub against bone, which is very painful. This condition occurs when the cartilage that connects the ribs to the breastbone becomes inflamed. While the condition is usually temporary, it can become chronic. The condition causes uncomfortable chest pain.
This condition is usually due to degenerative changes that occur as a side effect of aging. Other times, a person may have a severe accident or back injury that can cause a herniated disk. This condition causes severe pain in the back and often down the legs. Steps like maintaining a healthy weight, practicing flexibility and strength-training exercises, and avoiding overtraining may help to reduce the rate at which cartilage breaks down. The cartilage cells known as chondrocytes do not often replicate or repair themselves, which means damaged or injured cartilage will not likely heal well without medical intervention.
Over the years, doctors have found some methods that can stimulate new cartilage growth. These techniques are usually used for articular cartilage on the joints. Examples include:. This procedure involves using a special high-speed instrument called a burr to create small holes below damaged cartilage to stimulate cartilage repair and growth. This cartilage repair technique requires two steps. First, a doctor removes a healthy piece of cartilage from a person and sends the cartilage sample to a laboratory.
The person then goes to surgery where the damaged cartilage is removed and replaced with the newly grown cartilage. A surgeon also performs other repairs. Because this approach requires multiple surgical procedures, doctors usually only perform it on younger individuals who have a single injury that is 2 centimeters or greater.
This surgical technique involves removing damaged cartilage and then making small holes just beneath the cartilage in an area of bone known as the subchondral bone. This creates a new blood supply that will ideally stimulate healing. The drilling approach is similar to microfracture. They are generally appropriate for people who have specific cartilage injuries rather than widespread cartilage damage, like that found in moderate to severe knee arthritis. A surgeon can use special tools to remove frayed and tattered cartilage and smooth the remaining cartilage surface.
This contouring of cartilage reduces joint friction, which in turn can:. Knee debridement Knee chondroplasty is often done in conjunction with debridement.
During knee debridement the surgeon removes potential irritants to the joint, such as loose pieces of cartilage, and flushes the joint with a saline solution lavage. A surgeon can encourage new cartilage growth by making small cuts or abrasions in the bone underneath the injured cartilage. The hope is that the blood from the damaged bone will facilitate new cartilage cell growth. Cartiliage regeneration techniques can be used to treat damaged articular cartilage.
Articular cartilage helps to reduce friction between the bones of the knee joint. There are three common knee cartilage regeneration techniques that use bleeding to spur cartilage healing:. These regeneration techniques are used to treat damaged articular cartilage.
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