So, great use rates are difficult to meet crop nutrient supplies. However, in numerous emerging nations like India , the obtainability of organic manures is not sufficient for crop demands partly due to its wide use of cattle dung in energy production. Green manuring with Sesbania plant, cowpea, and green gram is effective to improve the soil content of organic matter. However, employment of inexperienced manuring has declined in the previous couple of decades because of intensive cropping and socioeconomic reasons.
Taking these constraints, International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement IFOAM and Codex Alimentarius have approved the use of some inorganic sources of plant nutrients like rock phosphate, basic slag, rock potash, etc. Nitrogen fixation on the surface of the earth is mainly by microorganisms, representing Subsequent microorganism and plant life biofertilizers will be utilized as an ingredient of organic farming in numerous crops. The efficiency of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms viz.
Rhizobia for legume crops e. Rhizobium , Bradyrhizobium , Azorhizobium , Mesorhizobium, and Sinorhizobium. Legumes are infected by these bacteria all over the world. Carrier based inoculants will primarily be coated with seeds for the introduction of microorganism strains into soil [ 11 ].
Nitrogen will be fixed by independent microorganisms in cereal crops with no interdependency. Such free-living bacteria are: Azotobacter sp. The gram-positive bacteria Azospirillum colonizes in a remarkably kind of yearly and perennial florae. Studies indicate that Azospirillum will proliferate the development of crops like flowers, cotton, oak, tomato, sugar beet, pepper, carrot, wheat, and rice. Inoculum of Azotobacter and Azospirillum will be created and applied as in humate origination finished seed coating.
Numerous microorganisms promote plant growth area. The unit is jointly known as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria PGPR. PGPR improves plant growth by colonizing the root system. Huge inhabitants of microorganisms recognized in implanting material and roots develop an incomplete sink for nutrients in the rhizosphere [ 12 ].
Phosphorus is also an important nutrient similar to nitrogen for plants. This part is important for the nodulation by bacteria genus and even to nitrogen fixers, Azolla and BGA. Phosphorus-solubilizing microorganism PSB fungi create on the market are insoluble phosphorus to the plants. Most predominant phosphorus-solubilizing microorganism PSB belongs to the genera Bacilli genus.
Mycorrhizal fungi which cause root-colonizing increase tolerance to many sever metal contamination and drought. Mycorrhizal fungi improve soil quality additionally by having an on-the-spot influence on soil aggregation and also aeration and water dynamics. An interesting potential of these fungi is their ability to permit plant access to nutrient sources [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. The BGA represents the most important, most numerous and cosmopolitan cluster of microscopic organisms that perform an oxygenic chemical process.
These are as well-known as Cyanophyceae and cyanobacteria [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Azolla contains 3. This biofertilizer is used for rice cultivation. There are six species of Azolla viz. It is essential to take care to build up comparison of average yields, standard deviations, and coefficients of variation over five successive years. This includes crops and soil fertility, based on three inextricably interrelated components of soil management.
These components are physical water-holding capacity, structure, etc. The soil fertility of organic farming, can be defined as: well-managed soil organic matter in the soil, good soil structure, diverse soil biota and a high nutrient and water-holding capacity by using compost and stable manure.
The organic soil is one that can build up over time buffering capacity and resistance to an imbalance in growing conditions as part of the strategy to enhance the self-regulatory capacity of the farm ecosystem [ 21 , 22 ]. Weeds are often cited as the most significant problem in organic farming systems, and they are certainly the problem that most concerns the farmers, who are looking at changing over their farm from a standard one into an associate-in-nursing organic one.
Nicotine is obtained from tobacco or related Nicotiana species and is one of the oldest botanical insecticides in use today. It is also one of the most toxic to warm-blooded animals, and it is readily absorbed through the skin. Sabadilla is another botanical insecticide. It is extracted from the seeds of the sabadilla lilly. The veratrine alkaloid is the active ingredient.
Sabadilla is a botanical insecticide with low toxicity. However, its dust can be extremely irritating to the eyes and can produce sneezing if inhaled. Neem is a botanical pesticide that comes from the neem tree, which is native of India. This tree supplies at least two compounds, salannin and azadirachtin, that have insecticidal activity and other unknown compounds with fungicidal activity. An additional responsibility for them is to maintain or enhance the most important of natural resources while protecting the environment for the future generations.
Therefore, it's frequently wondered how organic farmers manage their crop production. The answer will usually depend on the laws and regulations of each country. However, some of the most popular organic farm management practices are:. There are many public and scientific discussions about the advantages and disadvantages of organic farming. Most of them are related to the productivity and profitability of organic crop production.
When considering the yields , organic farming is still lagging behind the conventional. However, there have been some cases in which organic farming achieved higher yields than conventional. On the other hand, certified organic products usually have higher market prices than their conventional counterparts. This is mainly because of the limited supply of organic products on the market.
This further results in higher demand for organically produced crops. Another important aspect to consider is that organic farming is a labor-intensive farm practice that demands a lot of work. Nitrates hasten food spoilage, whereas antioxidants help to enhance the shelf life of foods Shreck et al. Organic farming is now an expanding economic sector as a result of the profit incurred by organic produce and thereby leading to a growing inclination towards organic agriculture by the farmers.
The concept of sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals—environmental health, economic profitability, and social and economic equity. The concept of sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
The very basic approach to organic farming for the sustainable environment includes the following Yadav, :. Maintenance and improve soil health by stimulating activity or soil organic manures and avoid harming them with pesticides.
Optimum economic returns, with a safe, secure, and healthy working environment. Acknowledgement of the virtues of indigenous know-how and traditional farming system.
Long-term economic viability can only be possible by organic farming and because of its premium price in the market, organic farming is more profitable. Continuous degradation of soil fertility by chemical fertilizers leads to production loss and hence increases the cost of production which makes the farming economically unsustainable. Implementation of a strategy encompassing food security, generation of rural employment, poverty alleviation, conservation of the natural resource, adoption of an export-oriented production system, sound infrastructure, active participation of government, and private-public sector will be helpful to make revamp economic sustainability in agriculture Soumya, It is defined as a process or framework that promotes the wellbeing of members of an organization while supporting the ability of future generations to maintain a healthy community.
Social sustainability can be improved by enabling rural poor to get benefit from agricultural development, giving respect to indigenous knowledge and practices along with modern technologies, promoting gender equality in labour, full participation of vibrant rural communities to enhance their confidence and mental health, and thus decreasing suicidal rates among the farmers.
Organic food and farming have continued to grow across the world. Since , the total area of farmland under organic production has been increased steadily over the last three decades Willer and Lernoud, By , there was a total of This is the largest growth ever recorded in organic farming Willer and Lernoud, The countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land recorded in the year are given in Figure 2.
Australia has the largest organic lands with an area of Country-wise areas of organic agriculture land, Willer and Lernoud, In , it was also reported that day to day the number of organic produces increases considerably all over the world.
Organic producers by region, Willer and Lernoud, Largest organic producers in the world, Willer and Lernoud, The growth of organic farming in India was quite dawdling with only 41 hectares of organic land comprising merely 0. The most important barrier considered in the progress of organic agriculture in India was the lacunae in the government policies of making a firm decision to promote organic agriculture. Moreover, there were several major drawbacks in the growth of organic farming in India which include lack of awareness, lack of good marketing policies, shortage of biomass, inadequate farming infrastructure, high input cost of farming, inappropriate marketing of organic input, inefficient agricultural policies, lack of financial support, incapability of meeting export demand, lack of quality manure, and low yield Figure 5 ; Bhardwaj and Dhiman, Constraints of organic farming in India in the past Bhardwaj and Dhiman, Recently, the Government of India has implemented a number of programs and schemes for boosting organic farming in the country.
National Horticulture Mission, b. Horticulture Mission for North East and Himalayan states, c. National Bamboo Mission, d. National Horticulture Board, e. Coconut Development Board, d. Zero Budget Natural Farming ZBNF is a method of farming where the cost of growing and harvesting plants is zero as it reduces costs through eliminating external inputs and using local resources to rejuvenate soils and restore ecosystem health through diverse, multi-layered cropping systems.
The micro-organisms of Cow dung — crores of beneficial micro-organisms per one gram cow dung decompose the dried biomass on the soil and convert it into ready-to-use nutrients for plants. According to Kumar , in the union budget —21, Rs Indian Competence Centre for Organic Agriculture cited that the global market for organically grown foods is USD 26 billion which will be increased to the amount of USD billion by Chopra et al.
India ranked 8th with respect to the land of organic agriculture and 88th in the ratio of organic crops to agricultural land as per Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority and report of Research Institute of Organic Agriculture Chopra et al. But a significant growth in the organic sector in India has been observed Willer and Lernoud, in the last decades.
There have been about a threefold increase from ha in —08 to 1. The consumption and popularity of organic foods are increasing day by day throughout the world. In , more than two-thirds of US consumers purchased organic food, and more than one fourth purchased them weekly.
The consumption of organic crops has doubled in the USA since A consumer prefers organic foods in the concept that organic foods have more nutritional values, have lesser or no additive contaminants, and sustainably grown.
The families with younger consumers, in general, prefer organic fruits and vegetables than consumers of any other age group Thompson et al. The popularity of organic foods is due to its nutritional and health benefits and positive impact on environmental and socioeconomic status Chopra et al.
As the yields of organically grown foods are low, the costs of them are higher. The higher prices made a barrier for many consumers to buy organic foods Lairon, Organic farming needs far more lands to generate the same amount of organic food produce as conventional farming does, as chemical fertilizers are not used here, which conventionally produces higher yield.
Organic agriculture hardly contributes to addressing the issue of global climate change. During the last decades, the consumption of organic foods has been increasing gradually, particularly in western countries Meiner-Ploeger, The global organic food market has been reached USD Worldwide growth in organic food sales Willer and Lernoud, Organic farming has been found to be an indigenous practice of India that practised in countless rural and farming communities over the millennium.
The arrival of modern techniques and increased burden of population led to a propensity towards conventional farming that involves the use of synthetic fertilizer, chemical pesticides, application of genetic modification techniques, etc.
Even in developing countries like India, the demand for organically grown produce is more as people are more aware now about the safety and quality of food, and the organic process has a massive influence on soil health, which devoid of chemical pesticides. Organic cultivation has an immense prospect of income generation too Bhardwaj and Dhiman, The soil in India is bestowed with various types of naturally available organic nutrient resources that aid in organic farming Adolph and Butterworth, ; Reddy, ; Deshmukh and Babar, India is a country with a concrete traditional farming system, ingenious farmers, extensive drylands, and nominal use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
Moreover, adequate rainfall in north-east hilly regions of the country where few negligible chemicals are employed for a long period of time, come to fruition as naturally organic lands Gour, Indian traditional farmers possess a deep insight based on their knowledge, extensive observation, perseverance and practices for maintaining soil fertility, and pest management which are found effective in strengthening organic production and subsequent economic growth in India. The progress in organic agriculture is quite commendable.
Currently, India has become the largest organic producer in the globe Willer and Lernoud, , and ranked eighth having 1. Another advancement in the development of organic farming is BeeScanning App, through which beekeepers can fight the Varroa destructor parasite mite and also forms a basis for population modelling and breeding programmes Nova-Institut GmbH, Organic farming yields more nutritious and safe food.
The popularity of organic food is growing dramatically as consumer seeks the organic foods that are thought to be healthier and safer. Thus, organic food perhaps ensures food safety from farm to plate. The organic farming process is more eco-friendly than conventional farming. Organic farming keeps soil healthy and maintains environment integrity thereby, promoting the health of consumers.
Moreover, the organic produce market is now the fastest growing market all over the world including India. Organic agriculture promotes the health of consumers of a nation, the ecological health of a nation, and the economic growth of a nation by income generation holistically.
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