The British were angered by the move and sought the support of the French who believed that Nasser was supporting rebels in the French colony of Algeria and neighboring Israel in an armed assault to retake the canal. The Israelis struck first on October 29, Two days later, British and French military forces joined them. Originally, forces from the three countries were set to strike at once, but the British and French troops were delayed. Behind schedule but ultimately successful, the British and French troops landed at Port Said and Port Fuad and took control of the area around the Suez Canal.
However, their hesitation had given the Soviet Union—also confronted with a growing crisis in Hungary—time to respond. The Soviets, eager to exploit Arab nationalism and gain a foothold in the Middle East, supplied arms from Czechoslovakia to the Egyptian government beginning in , and eventually helped Egypt construct the Aswan Dam on the Nile River after the United States refused to support the project.
Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev railed against the invasion and threatened to rain down nuclear missiles on Western Europe if the Israeli-French-British force did not withdraw. It warned the Soviets that reckless talk of nuclear conflict would only make matters worse, and cautioned Khrushchev to refrain from direct intervention in the conflict.
However, Eisenhower also issued stern warnings to the French, British and Israelis to give up their campaign and withdraw from Egyptian soil. Eisenhower was upset with the British, in particular, for not keeping the United States informed about their intentions. The United States threatened all three nations with economic sanctions if they persisted in their attack. The threats did their work. The Suez Crisis marked the first use of a United Nations peacekeeping force. The United Nations Emergency Force UNEF was an armed group dispatched to the area to supervise the end of hostilities and the withdrawal of the three occupying forces.
In the aftermath of the Suez Crisis, Britain and France, once the seat of empires, found their influence as world powers weakened as the United States and Soviet Union took a more powerful role in world affairs. The crisis made Nasser a powerful hero in the growing Arab and Egyptian nationalist movements.
Israel, while it did not gain the right to utilize the canal, was once again granted rights to ship goods along the Straits of Tiran. For almost a decade, the Suez Canal became the front line between the Israeli and Egyptian armies.
Today, about million tons of goods pass through the canal each year. By late October, however, these efforts had proved fruitless, and Anglo-French preparations for war continued.
Elath London on October 18, Meanwhile, Great Britain and France secretly colluded with Israel to launch a tripartite attack on Egypt. When Nasser as expected rejected the ultimatums, the European powers would occupy the Canal Zone and depose Nasser. Under this ruse, Israel invaded the Sinai on October Within days, Israeli forces approached the Suez Canal and the European powers issued the contrived ultimatums and launched air strikes against Egypt.
Israeli troops during the battle for the Sinai. They were distracted by a war scare between Israel and Jordan as well as by anti-Soviet unrest in Hungary , and by the impending U. They also believed the assurances of friends in the colluding governments that no attack was imminent. Although caught off-guard by the outbreak of hostilities, Eisenhower took steps to end the war quickly. British and French paratroopers landed along the Suez Canal on November 5 and Soviet leaders threatened to intervene in the fighting and to retaliate against London and Paris with weapons of mass destruction.
Intelligence reports that Soviet forces were concentrating in Syria for intervention in Egypt alarmed U. Prudently, Eisenhower ordered the Pentagon to prepare for world war even as he increased pressure on the colluding powers to desist. Shaken by the sudden prospect of global conflict, the president also moved quickly to avert it.
He applied political and financial pressures on the belligerents to accept, on November 6, a UN ceasefire deal that took effect the next day, and he endorsed efforts by UN officials urgently to deploy UNEF to Egypt.
Once the ceasefire took effect on November 7, tensions gradually eased. The Suez Crisis had a profound impact on the balance of power in the Middle East and on the responsibilities that the United States assumed there. It tarnished British and French prestige and authority among Arab states and hastened the pace of European decolonization in Africa and Asia.
It also led to the resignation of Prime Minister Eden in January Anthony Eden, Nationalization of the Canal Rights Restored:. All its assets, rights and obligations are transferred to the Nation and all the organizations and committees that now operate its management are hereby dissolved. Stockholders and holders of founders shares shall be compensated for the ordinary or founders shares they own in accordance with the value of the shares shown in the closing quotations of the Paris Stock Exchange on the day preceding the effective date of the present law.
The payment of said indemnity shall be effected after the Nation has taken delivery of all the assets and properties of the nationalized company. Indeed, Egypt has fulfilled all its duties on January 1st, , as it has paid all the compensations that were intended to be paid to the stakeholders for what they owned of establishment quotas and shares for the estimated worth at the closing rate of Paris Bourse on the previous day of the nationalization.
The compensation reached L. E the value of shares which totally paid in foreign currency and before one year of maturity [7]. However, the nationalization decree came as a direct response to the major countries and World Bank's stances concerning financing the High Dam [8] , but the decree in fact revealed the Egyptian rights and it was closely related to the Egyptian sovereignty over the entire national territory after the July 23rd Revolution.
Egypt had refuted all the sources that questioning the nationalization decree. This was in the famous speech that Dr. He said that "Every independent state has the right to nationalize anybody subject to its sovereignty the General Assembly confirmed in its resolution no on December 23, that each state has the right to use its resources for the welfare of its people by virtue of its the sovereignty and the principles of the UN charter.
So, Egypt's action of nationalization of the Suez Canal Company is just an enforcement of this resolution. He added that the Canal authority is an Egyptian authority that was given its privileges of construction by the Egyptian government for 99 years.
Article no. The British government acknowledges this fact and defended it before the mixed court on April 12, He also declared that Egypt adhered to its right of sovereignty over its land and its respect for the agreement and its readiness for negotiation in order to reach a solution for the canal dilemma in a peaceful means [9]. After the resolution of nationalization of the Canal, Egypt was exposed to a colonial force attack and started to stifle the Egyptian economy by the withdrawal of the foreign pilots and technicians working at the canal in order to hinder the work so as to embarrass the Egyptian government as the Egyptians would not be able to manage the canal [10].
The Egyptian pilots with the aid of pilots from some of the friendly countries managed to conduct navigation after two days from the withdrawal of the foreign pilots.
On September 16, 36 ships transited the canal, on September 17, 35 ships transited, on September 18, 32 ships transited and on September 19, 34 ships transited [11]. On September 18, , the SIS arranged a visit for 50 foreign correspondents to Ismailia to visit the Canal Zone to see by themselves the accuracy of navigation. On September 19, , the main headlines of Al-Ahram newspaper referred to the foreign correspondents who were impressed by the navigation in the canal, while the convoys of ships crossed peacefully [12].
It seemed that Nasser fulfilled what he was always proud of, as ships crossed the canal peacefully and secure, of which ships crossed after the collective withdrawal of the foreign pilots [13].
Many events followed and ended by the Tripartite Aggression on Egypt which lasted from October 31st to December 22nd , causing the closing of the canal.
Even if the Tripartite Aggression caused the Canal to shut; however, whole of Egypt and the canal fought a battle against the occupation and contributed to the liberation and end of the colonies in the whole world and that was the victory of 23 December , known as the glorious Suez War [14].
The victorious spirits continued to resume navigation in the Canal on March 29th, , after clearing the waterway of the sunk ships. Projects of the Canal after the Tripartite Aggression:. In , the development process was going fast and the 1st phase ended on April 30th , while the second phase ended on September 1st In December , the cornerstone was laid down for the arsenal of the Suez Canal Authority.
The Giant Carriers Transit:. It is an American tanker with a maximum load of Tons, a length of Since the nationalization of the canal the following giant tankers had transited the canal:. Transit of Giant Ships:. It was capable of dredging through rocky soil up to a depth of 21 m.
Its maximum capacity was tons, its length was
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