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GPS tracking data of lesser black-backed gulls and herring gulls breeding at the southern North Sea coast. Other pedestrian foragers lived in marginal areas of Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
Surviving pedestrian foragers have been heavily impacted by large-scale agricultural societies. Few if any of these foragers are still following their old subsistence pattern exclusively. The pedestrian hunting and gathering way of life was highly mobile.
Most of these societies moved their camps several times a year and had temporary dwellings. The number of people living in a camp also often varied throughout the year depending on the local food supply. Material possessions were generally few and light in weight so that they could be transported easily.
Subsistence tools included such things as simple digging sticks, baskets, spears, and bows and arrows that could be easily replaced when needed. This settlement flexibility is an efficient way of responding to changing environmental opportunities. Equestrian Foraging. Equestrian foragers Equestrian foragers have evolved in only two areas of the world--the Great Plains of North America and the sparse grasslands of Southern Argentina.
In both cases, pedestrian foragers acquired horses from Spanish settlers in the early 17th century. Over several generations, horse breeding and riding skills were honed. This resulted in a revolutionary change in these Native American societies. The horse became the principle mode of transportation and dramatically increased hunting success in the pursuit of big animals. These societies became larger, more mobile, and were now able to travel over larger areas throughout the year.
Horses allowed them to effectively follow the seasonal migrations of large herbivores over hundreds of miles. In North America the prey of choice for the Sioux , Crow , Cheyenne , and others was the bison or buffalo. In South America, the guanaco was hunted by the Tehuelche.
North American bison South American guanaco The equestrian foraging societies became male dominated and warlike. This was particularly true on the Great Plains of North America after the widespread acquisition of guns in the 19th century.
Raiding other societies to steal horses and defeat enemy warriors was the principle path to respect and success for men. Their societies acquired hierarchical , almost military-like forms of political organization with chiefs at the top.
In contrast, pedestrian foragers are comparatively peaceful and have very democratic political systems that usually lack fulltime leaders. North American equestrian foragers of the Great Plains in the late 19th century The combination of aggressiveness and high mobility made it very difficult for the U. In both countries, it required a number of army regiments with rapid fire guns and light artillery.
In the case of the North American Plains Indians, decimation of the bison herds at that time by non-Indian hunters was the most important factor in subduing them because it destroyed their traditional subsistence base. All equestrian foragers were forced to move from their homelands to relatively small isolated reservations. Today, their survivors are mostly living in poverty with little hope for their future. Aquatic Foraging. These societies specialized mostly in salmon fishing along the rivers and hunting seals and whales off the coast.
Other aquatic foragers occupied the coastal regions of the American subarctic, the Channel Islands of Southern California, the southern tip of South America, the coastal areas of Eastern Siberia, and a few other regions of the world. The exploitation of fish and other marine resources is usually a far more reliable and productive form of foraging than the diversified hunting and gathering of most foragers who live away from the coasts and major rivers.
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